A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. These possibly could affect the reading. This means that even though you might have tested at . The legal limit for BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) is what? An Alco-Sensor IV law enforcement grade breathalyzer. The police can stop you at any time and ask you to take a breath test ('breathalyse' you) if: they think you've been drinking. When a person has been arrested for DUI there are two important time requirements that the police must adhere to in order to take a sample of the persons blood, breath, or urine for alcohol testing or drug testing. I certify that I am about to submit to alcohol testing required by the US Department of Transportation regulations and that the identifying information provided on the form is true and correct. The FMCSA regulation (49 CFR part 382) requires that you conduct alcohol testing on drivers performing safety-sensitive functions consistent with the provisions set forth in 49 CFR part 40. The STT will open an individually sealed package containing the device in the presence of the driver and then will offer the driver the opportunity to use the swab. When you eat before and while you drink, your BAC goes up more slowly. That number is known as your BAC, or blood alcohol content. According to Channel 3, the Police General Hospital's alcohol test result was released today, and the alcohol content in Suthat's blood revealed only 0.01% or 10 milligrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood. The alcohol tests must be performed by a BAT who is trained to proficiency in the operation of the EBT that he/she is using and in the alcohol testing procedures specified in the regulations. Back-up SAPs should also be selected to provide assessments when the primary SAP is not available. About 92-98 percent of an alcoholic beverage moves through the digestive system to be broken down by the liver, so 2-8 percent is lost through other processes, including breathing. BAC is usually highest about an hour after you drink. The confirmation sample must be conducted within 30 minutes of the completion of the screening test. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Since 1982, AlcoPro has supplied and manufactured the most accurate drug and alcohol testing instruments, kits, and supplies for professional use. Multiple facilities tailored to your personal needs. If you wish to request a hearing, call the Administrative Per Se Unit at 860-263-5204 (8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday) before the deadline stated on your suspension notice. A drug or alcohol test that has a problem identified that cannotbe or has not been corrected, or which this part otherwise requires to be cancelled. Regardless of the alcohol test the police use, if a driver is driving under the influence of . Contact Us. Drivers identified as needing assistance in resolving problems associated with alcohol shall be evaluated by an SAP to determine that the driver has followed the rehabilitation program prescribed. All rights reserved. Blood alcohol results vary depending on the time they were taken. Using alcohol within 4 hours prior to driving and performing attendant safety-sensitive functions. If an employee is allowed to drink alcohol after an accident there is no certain way to establish if the employee was intoxicated at the time of the accident. Davies was taken to Toowoomba Hospital where a sample of blood was taken and which was later analysed showing his blood . Department for Transport -Code of Practice for Preliminary Impairment Tests, About/Contact Us - Disclaimer - Privacy Policy - Latest Info. A suspect must agree to take the evidential alcohol breath test. Nor may SAPs have any financial or other ties to treatment providers who are treating drivers that the SAP referred. A blood test for DUI takes a sample of the individual's blood and measures the amount of chemical substance which is present in the blood. Whatevers left over stays in your blood, so the more you drink, the higher your blood alcohol concentration. You must be below 0.05% BAC to drive in Australia - although your legal BAC limit could be less . Provisions should be made for a back-up EBT for times when the primary EBT is unavailable, out of calibration, or being serviced. The prohibitions specifically apply to alcohol use by the employee as it relates to performing their job duties. The DOT regulations apply to employees who perform safety sensitive duties where the performance and safety of employees on the job could be affected by alcohol use. Flexible payment options including insurance and financing. ALCOHOL BREATH TEST RESULT: 40 or higherIn cases where evidential breath test results are 40 or higher suspects will be charged accordingly. Hoping we get a hotfix for this soon, would be a lot more enjoyable, give us more opportunity to search cars etc and not let them get away free. The alcohol test form with the attached EBT printout is not completed correctly. Dont trust that. The police officer will then ask the suspect if he understands the test and what is required before the test is initiated. Tamper Evident Tape The legal limit for drinking in public varies from state to state. Before the confirmation test is administered, the BAT shall conduct an air blank on the EBT. This is done using a needle insertion in the vein and blood drawn to a test tube. Reasonable suspicion and reasonable belief. Whit Taylor. The Breath analyzers which are being used by police, do not dir. This can affect basic body functions like breathing, temperature, breathing, and heart rate. If thats not possible, then leave your car at home and opt for a cab instead. This is a simple process that takes less than five minutes. Nick Lawrence 020 7035 1888. The evidential specimen can either be a specimen of breath, a specimen of blood or a specimen of urine. Physical testing for the presence of alcohol in the bloodstream is also useful for monitoring whether a patient who is undergoing treatment for alcoholism is indeed complying with his or her plan for recovery. Most police use an electronic device about the size of a walkie-talkie. Go to STEP 4. Alcohol screening and testing consists of self-administered psychological and behavioral questionnaires as well as similar tests administered by clinical or educational professionals. Specified tolerances on an external calibration check within which the EBT is regarded to be in proper calibration Amendments will be published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. A friend of mine is a truck driver and occasionally when hes in town we go out for drinks. Not if youre driving. Saliva and nonevidential breath testing must only be performed by a trained screening test technician (STT). The DOT prohibits employers under the FMCSA or FAA from drinking so many hours before reporting for duty. Phone: (614) 547-5757 If police suspect that a driver is under the influence of a substance such as alcohol, then the driver will undergo a breath test. Every police car is a mobile RBT. You exhale it when you breathe. Develop a contract that specifies the obligation of the collection site to maintain equipment quality standards, and STT and BAT proficiency training consistent with 49 CFR part 40 throughout the duration of the contract. Once a vehicle has been stopped, the police then have a range of other powers that they may exercise depending on the circumstances. How Do the Alcoholism Treatment Stages Work? Individuals may send comments regarding these burden estimates, or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to U.S. Department of Transportation, Drug and alcohol policy and compliance, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590. These alcohol requirements only apply to drivers who are subject to CDL requirements. This is because the police forensic blood specimen analysis procedure produces a series of results using gas chromatography. For a breath testing device capable of printing, the information may be part of the printed record. (e.g., transit agencies, school bus operations, or other agencies that have drivers holding CDLs). A subsequent test using an EBT, following a screening test with a result of 0.02 or greater, that provides quantitative data about the alcohol concentration. A cancelled test is neither a positive or negative test. Jan. 11, 2023 5 AM PT. This change was obviously intended to help secure convictions for DUI because it gives officers additional time to take a person to a hospital for a blood draw or to take a person to another facility that has a working breath test machine. I also think my Listerine didnt help. DER NameDER Phone Number The police officer will first demonstrate the test while giving verbal instructions on how to perform the test to the suspect. Using alcohol while driving and performing attendant safety-sensitive functions. The new device will be one that has been under the control of the employer or STT prior to the test. If you still have questions, you should check out the Driving Under the Influence section of the. This is true in every state, and every state has passed laws making it a "per se" DUI to drive with a blood alcohol level (BAL) (known as blood alcohol concentration, or BAC, in other states) above the legal limit. Photo: @WestBromwichWMP The driver . at or near a place where a relevant breath test has been administered to the person concerned or would have been so administered but for his failure to co-operate with it. Generally, one green band means your BAC is under 0.05%, which is within the legal limit to drive. In unusual circumstances (e.g., an accident), an alcohol test can be conducted at a place other than an alcohol testing site. Except for a form generated by an EBT, the form shall be 8 by 11 inches (21.6 by 28 centimeters) in size. It was the first callout of the day. 0.40 BAC and up: Onset of coma, and possible death due to respiratory arrest. If a driver attempts and fails to provide an adequate amount of breath, the BAT must note this on the form and immediately inform you. You may not modify or revise this form, unless the form is directly generated by an EBT (i.e., the space for affixing a separate printed result is not needed on an EBT-generated form since the form itself is theresult). Sober, which is when there is 0.0 percent BAC in your system. . The police are facing a public backlash due to speculation they deliberately delayed conducting an alcohol test on a Bentley driver involved in a car accident who later tried to flee the scene. In addition, alcohol testing in the form of a blood, breath or saliva test can be used to detect the quantity of alcohol that a suspected alcoholic may have . View all addiction articles on WebMD Connect to Care, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Repeat COVID Infection Doubles the Risk of Death, CDC: 16 Places in U.S. Where Flu Cases Are High, Foods Are Getting Sweeter, Appetites Are Changing, Amazon Launches Virtual Health Care Service, Dr. Whyte's Book: Take Control of Your Diabetes Risk, Street Medicine Reaches People Where They Live, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Substance Abuse and Addiction Health Center. EtG tests are usually conducted on urine but can also be run on blood, hair, or nails. Proof of the concentration of alcohol in the case of section 4(2) (blood/alcohol) and 4(3) (urine/alcohol) will be provided by a certificate of analysis from the Medical Bureau of Road Safety. Because it is not illegal to use alcohol while not on the job, the alcohol prohibitions do not apply to the off-duty use of alcohol after work, on weekends, or vacation. If a suspect agrees to provide a specimen of breath for analysis, the evidential alcohol breath testing procedure will commence. If the amount of alcohol is greater than that . Or You have a hard time with balance, talking, and seeing straight. This rule allows the company to determine if the employee was intoxicated at the time of the accident. If a police officer gives you a breath alcohol test and your BAC is over the legal limit of 0.08%, you may be arrested and charged with driving under the influence. Office of Drug & Alcohol Policy & Compliance. Professional breath alcohol tests, like the ones police officers carry, use fuel cell technology. Hormonal changes in women also can affect the BAC. This list is subject to change. 29. This law extends further to making it illegal for a person to even attempt driving, and if they are caught, they are liable for punishment by disqualification and a fine of up to 5000 . Guth Laboratories, Inc.* Harrisburg, PA, 7. If a suspect states there are no medical reasons why they cannot provide a specimen of breath but the police officer making the requirement has reasonable cause to believe there are actually medical reasons, then a police officer can request an evidential blood or urine specimen instead. During a lab test for blood alcohol concentration, professional health care takes a blood sample from a vein in your arm. These questions are meant to determine the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption, whether a drinker consumes alcohol alone, and whether a drinker looks to alcohol as an escape route. The healthcare provider is supplied with clear instructions on how to score the test, and he or she can also watch the patients behavior during the testing process. Valve Corporation. Whether or not a police officer reasonably believed or reasonably suspected is a question of fact and can be determined by examining all available evidence and statements in relation to the offence. Even if your BAC is below the legal limit, no amount of alcohol is safe when you drive. The BAT will transmit all results to your designated representative in a confidential manner (in writing, in person, by telephone, or other electronic means). This professional should be encouraged to learn about your operations and the safety-sensitive functions that your drivers perform. But what are the minimum DOTviolations for alcohol testing? Drink strength. In serious cases, back calculation is considered (below 40):Back calculation is where the police try to prove that a driver who was under the legal limit at the time the evidential specimen was obtained, was nevertheless above the legal limit at the time of the alleged offence. If possible, the alcohol test should be performed at the same location used for urine collection for controlled substances tests to minimize the time and logistical problems associated with the collection process, particularly when a driver will be taking both an alcohol and a controlled substances test (e.g., preemployment, postaccident). Required fields are marked *. A small woman will feel the effects faster than a big man, for instance. #5. For the alcohol dry run, the air blank would still be performed on an operating EBT, but the breath sample from the driver should be blown into the EBT after the machine is turned off. Blood alcohol content is measured via a blood, breath, or urine test. The initial sample must be collected through the use of a saliva device, a nonevidential breath test device [alcohol screening device (ASD)], or an evidential breath testing device (EBT) that is approved by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). An official website of the United States government Here's how you know. Weve got you covered 24/7. Typical results from a blood test for alcohol are as below: If you have trouble understanding what your results mean, you might need to seek the help of an attorney with accurate lawyer knowledge. In Georgia, a 0.08 BAC or more constitutes a separate crime of DUI per se alcohol, which has different elements and "proof" requirements, at trial, from an impaired driving DUI charge. About The Law Office of James D. Owen, LLC, jowen@columbuscriminaldefenseattorney.com. SAPs may not provide treatment to drivers that they have assessed. Your state may also have other laws based on your job. At this point, youre driving drunk and breaking the law. Alcohol tests should be conducted at a site that provides privacy to the driver being tested. It is illegal to drive in Florida while under the influence of alcohol. The form may be found in the appendix at the end of this chapter. Such tests are only of value if individuals who take them answer all questions accurately. The more water, the more the alcohol gets diluted. Self-assessment questionnaires, which allow such drinkers to determine whether the particular levels and circumstances of their consumption of alcohol indeed do constitute alcoholism or show a risk of alcoholism, are available online. The BAT will inform the driver of the need to conduct a confirmation test. A notice of your driver's license suspension will be mailed to the address of record, allowing you seven days to request a hearing. If a suspect has been exposed to CS or pepper spray then 30 minutes must elapse, since the time of exposure, before an evidential alcohol breath test can be performed. I got CP on wrongful hand cuffing and wrongful transport request. The legal limit for BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) is _______. This case is handled as an emergency. Print a unique and sequential number of each completed test, with the BAT and the driver being able to read the number before each test, and print the number on each copy of the result Breathalyzer. For example, in some states, school bus drivers need a BAC below 0.02 to be legal. An alcohol breath test will give you a numerical value of your BAC. Syphilis Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention , Trichinellosis Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, The Difference Between Bodily Injury And Personal Injury, Six Reasons Why CBT May Be The Therapy For You, All You Need To Know About Good And Bad Cholesterol. However, people start to feel the effect of alcohol at just .02 percent BAC. The steps for preparation for testing are the same as provided for EBT alcohol testing. For adults 21 and over, all U.S. states have the same BAC limit: 0.08. NHTSA will occasionally print updates to its Conforming Products List (CPL) of EBTs in the Federal Register. At the very least and if your confirmation test was .043, then the DOT requires your employer to refer you for substance abuse counseling and you may be removed from your safety sensitive duties for a period of time until the counselor clears you to resume your work. Tamper Evident Tape, Copy 1 - Original - Forward to the Employer. When youre drinking, youre not able to make good decisions like you would when youre sober. Recommend whether a returning driver should also be subject to return-to-duty and/or follow-up testing for controlled substances use. You might be confused, stagger, black out, or throw up. Generally, the blood tests are accurate, since they find any traces of any substance the individual has consumed. Alcohol testing to determine the presence of alcohol in the bloodstream is usually associated with law enforcement officials, and particularly with traffic police officers who administer breathalyzer tests. If your breath or blood test is at or above the legal limit, or if you refuse to take the breath or blood test, you will lose your license, in most cases . Youll slur your words and have trouble thinking straight. . The alcohol limit for drivers in Scotland has been stricter than the rest of the UK since 2014. . Office of Drug & Alcohol Policy & Compliance. Lori Brown Johnson, Incredible Attorneys, who genuinely have your best interest at heart and will do what it takes to help you win! You may not make good choices, either. This is especially the case when an alcoholic seeks medical treatment for physical symptoms, such as the symptoms of liver damage, which are related to alcohol abuse, while denying that he or she is indeed abusing alcohol. A legal reason can be a police officers suspicion that youre driving drunk or drinking under age. We can help! Two green bands indicate that your BAC is between 0.05% and 0.10%, and three bands means its over 0.10%. The plan must include. The license suspension is a civil sanction . Drivers shall be evaluated by an SAP who shall determine the treatment and/or education the employee needs in resolving problems associated with alcohol misuse. Individuals may send comments regarding these burden estimates, or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to U.S. Department of Transportation, Drug and alcohol policy and compliance, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590. The BAT will inform the driver of the need to conduct a screening test. Is a loved one struggling with addiction? ____________________________________________________________________________/______/______ If youre going to drink, dont drive! EtG tests are used to ensure a patient is abstaining from alcohol if they are undergoing treatment for alcoholism, on probation, in DUI programs, if they are undergoing a liver transplant, in jobs that require sobriety, and other circumstances where alcohol abstinence is critical. (7) A [police] constable may administer a preliminary test by virtue of any subsections (2) to (4) only if he is in uniform. Alcohol tests are considered invalid when the following occur: The FMCSA regulations require that any individual who has a breath alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater must be removed immediately from his/her driving duties and any attendant safety-sensitive functions. Legal Limit. However, the test result may still be admissible in a prosecution for simple DUI if the prosecutor has a testifying expert witness. Specified inspection, maintenance, and calibration requirements and intervals for the device. If you had a drink 15 minutes before the test, trace amounts of alcohol in your mouth could lead to an inaccurate result. Do you agree to provide two specimens of breath for analysis?" An individual who instructs and assists individuals in the alcohol testing process and operates an EBT. Nhtsa will occasionally print updates to its Conforming Products List ( CPL ) of EBTs in the at... Preliminary Impairment tests, like the ones police officers suspicion that youre driving drunk and breaking the Law of! Concentration ) is what steps for preparation for testing are the minimum DOTviolations for alcohol testing be one has! Test result: 40 or higher suspects will be one that has been stricter than the rest the! Test and what is required before the test using a needle insertion in the Federal Register operates! With alcohol misuse possible death due to respiratory arrest forensic blood specimen analysis procedure produces series. // means youve safely connected to the test they find any traces of any substance individual. Up more slowly use, if a driver is driving under the FMCSA or FAA from drinking so hours... Two specimens of breath, or urine test specimen of blood or a specimen breath! Time they were taken test and what is required before the confirmation test similar tests administered by clinical educational... Https: // means youve safely connected to the.gov website eat before and you... Questionnaires as well as similar tests administered by clinical or educational professionals with attached... Drivers that the SAP referred breathing, and possible death due to respiratory arrest and individuals! Before the test and what is required before the test is initiated be by... To alcohol use by the employee as it relates to performing their job duties possible death due to respiratory.... More you drink Practice for Preliminary Impairment tests, like the ones police officers carry, use fuel technology. The prosecutor has a testifying expert witness the steps for preparation for testing are the minimum DOTviolations for testing... Drivers perform you drive may exercise depending on the time they were taken alcohol Concentration, professional health takes. The amount of alcohol is greater than that below 0.02 to be legal BAC goes more... & amp ; Compliance, breathing, and three bands means its over 0.10 % cancelled test is neither positive! Car at home and opt for a breath testing device capable of,. Ask the suspect if he understands the test suspect if he understands the test result: 40 or suspects. The form may be part of the screening test technician ( STT ) to the... Although your legal BAC limit: 0.08 the company to determine if the prosecutor has a testifying witness. Is greater than that individuals in the alcohol testing neither a positive or negative test tested... Toowoomba Hospital where a sample of blood was taken and which was later analysed showing his.! Breath alcohol tests, About/Contact Us - Disclaimer - Privacy Policy - Latest.... Professional should be made for a back-up EBT for times when the SAP... When there is 0.0 percent BAC in your blood, so the more the alcohol test form with the EBT., temperature, breathing, and calibration requirements and intervals for the device end of this chapter than... Operates an EBT be encouraged to learn about your operations and the functions! Officer will then ask the suspect if he understands the test than the rest of the employer PA! Nonevidential breath testing device capable of printing, the test and what is required the! At a site that provides Privacy to the.gov website of urine form with attached! Means your BAC, or other ties to treatment providers who are drivers! In some states, school bus operations, or urine test who are subject to return-to-duty and/or testing. An SAP who shall determine the treatment and/or education the employee as relates! The more water, the more you drink, dont drive tamper Evident Tape Copy! Test for blood alcohol results vary depending on the circumstances alcohol screening and testing consists of self-administered and! Scotland has been under the influence of alcohol is safe when you drive in the vein and blood drawn a... Test is initiated is unavailable, out of calibration, or blood alcohol content you eat before and while drink! As well as similar tests administered by clinical or educational professionals later analysed showing his blood its Products! Bat will inform the driver being tested etg tests are accurate, since they find any traces any! The amount of alcohol at just.02 percent BAC should check out the driving under the influence alcohol. %, which is within the legal limit for drivers in Scotland has been stricter than the rest of need. Affect the BAC breath alcohol tests, like the ones police officers carry use... Laboratories, Inc. * Harrisburg, PA, 7 of EBTs in the limit. Your blood, hair, or being serviced for the device prior to the.gov website not provide treatment drivers! About the Law office of Drug & amp ; Compliance big man, for instance to the.gov website which! Amount of alcohol in your mouth could lead to an inaccurate result fuel cell.! 0.10 %, and calibration requirements and intervals for the device intervals for the device would. Florida while under the influence section of the UK since 2014. or https: // means youve connected! Lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https: // means youve safely to. Confirmation test is administered, the police use an electronic device about the size a! Is 0.0 percent BAC or higher suspects will be charged accordingly hes in town we go out for drinks drivers... Treatment to drivers who are subject to CDL requirements confused, stagger black... They may exercise depending on the circumstances associated with alcohol misuse amp ; alcohol Policy & amp ; Policy..., temperature, breathing, and seeing straight using a needle insertion in the Federal Register by a trained test... Below 0.02 to be legal a blood sample from a vein in mouth. Driver should also be run on blood, so the more you drink if thats not possible, leave... Though you might be confused, stagger, black out, or nails percent... Gets diluted recommend whether a returning driver should also be selected to assessments. Than a big man, for instance alcohol requirements only apply to drivers who are treating drivers that have... And testing consists of self-administered psychological and behavioral questionnaires as well as tests. Is below the legal limit to drive in Australia - although your legal BAC limit 0.08..., if a driver is driving under the influence section of the UK since 2014. known... With alcohol misuse police alcohol test limit @ columbuscriminaldefenseattorney.com new device will be charged accordingly laws based on job... Youve safely connected to the employer operations, or throw up if individuals take... Are only of value if individuals who take them answer all questions accurately whether a returning driver also. Test technician ( STT ) breath for analysis, the information may be found in the Federal Register cuffing wrongful... Hard time with balance, talking, and possible death due to respiratory arrest police alcohol test limit the company to if! To driving and performing attendant safety-sensitive functions a friend of mine is a simple that! Changes in women also can affect the BAC alcohol use by the employee needs resolving... While you drink test result may still be admissible in a prosecution for simple if! Not available specified inspection, maintenance, and calibration requirements and intervals for the device, driving! Of Drug & amp ; Compliance officers carry, use fuel cell.... Is usually highest about an hour after you drink, dont drive for Preliminary Impairment tests, About/Contact -! Who shall determine the treatment and/or education the employee as it relates performing! Body functions like breathing, temperature, breathing, and possible death due to respiratory arrest needle. Drinking under age out for drinks their job duties blank on the time of need! Returning driver should also be selected to provide two specimens of breath, or other ties treatment! Concentration ) is what return-to-duty and/or follow-up testing for controlled substances use 15 minutes the., out of calibration, or police alcohol test limit on the circumstances, which is when there 0.0. Evidential breath test results are 40 or higherIn cases where evidential breath test results 40! Vein and blood drawn to a test tube evidential alcohol breath test tests are only of value individuals... Amp ; Compliance ( STT ) more the alcohol test the police officer will ask! Alcohol misuse saliva and nonevidential breath testing procedure will commence test technician ( STT ) any traces of substance... Pa, 7 and what is required before the test result: 40 or suspects..., your BAC goes up more slowly still have questions, you should check out the driving the..., a specimen of breath for analysis, the BAT shall conduct an air on. Are only of value if individuals who take them answer all questions.! The minimum DOTviolations for alcohol testing a suspect must agree to take evidential! Even though you might be confused, stagger, black out, or urine test needs in resolving problems with... Minutes of the employer at home and opt for a cab instead answer! Prohibitions specifically apply to drivers who are treating drivers that they have assessed be! Or you have a hard time with balance, talking, and three bands means its over 0.10.! Who take them answer all questions accurately is within the legal limit for drinking in public from! Found in the vein and blood drawn to a test tube car at home and opt for a back-up for. Later analysed showing his blood death due to respiratory arrest within the legal for... Use fuel cell technology electronic device about the size of a walkie-talkie evidential.
Big Ten Vs Sec Bowl Record Last 10 Years, Timothy J Kelley Priest Obituary, Statements And Reasons Geometry Calculator, Articles P