The city is known for its 49 mineral and thermal springs. The city has an extensive green belt. Some of the neighbourhoods constructed after 2000 are densely built up and lack green spaces. The city receives an average precipitation of 625.7mm (24.63in) a year, reaching its peak in late spring and early summer when thunderstorms are common. For Constantine the Great it was 'Sardica mea Roma est' (Serdica is my Rome). The city is home to a number of large sports venues, including the 43,000-seat Vasil Levski National Stadium which hosts international football matches, as well as Balgarska Armia Stadium, Georgi Asparuhov Stadium and Lokomotiv Stadium, the main venues for outdoor musical concerts. One of them was Samuil, who was eventually crowned Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). [166] In 2015, Forbes listed Sofia as one of the top 10 places in the world to launch a startup business, because of the low corporate tax (10%), the fast internet connection speeds available one of the fastest in the world, and the presence of several investment funds, including Eleven Startup Accelerator, LAUNCHub and Neveq. The data says that roughly a third of the total population have already earned a university degree. [182] Manufacturing companies include Woodward, Inc., producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,[183] Festo, producing microsensors,[184] Visteon, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,[185] Melexis, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,[186] Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.[187]. The Thracians, Iztok Zapad, Sofia, 2011. [145] The Ivan Vazov National Theatre, which performs mainly classical plays and is situated in the very centre of the city, is the most prominent theatre. Texts by Marazov, Ivan; Venedikov, Ivan; Fol, Alexander; Tacheva, Margarita. [138] Many of the most severe crimes are contract killings that are connected to organised crime, but these had dropped in recent years after several arrests of gang members. However, due to the bad communication between the private offshore company that runs the resort and Sofia municipality, most of the ski areas have been left to decay in the last 10 years, so that only one chairlift and one slope work. Amid of the citys religious landmarks, directly across from The Presidential Palace, is the National Archeological Museum, which has in its collection some of the most valuable treasures discovered in Bulgaria. [141] As of 2015[update], the consumer-reported perceived crime risk on the Numbeo database was "high" for theft and vandalism and "low" for violent crimes; safety while walking during daylight was rated "very high", and "moderate" during the night. Theatre is by far the most popular form of performing art, and theatrical venues are among the most visited, second only to cinemas. Sofia concentrates the majority of Bulgaria's leading performing arts troupes. Besides the city proper, the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality encompass three other towns and 34 villages. Top-circulation newspapers include 24 Chasa and Trud. The city was destroyed in the 447 invasion of the Huns and laid in ruins for a century[80] It was rebuilt by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. Three freeways begin in Sofia: Trakia, Lyulin, and Hemus. [80], The Celtic tribe Serdi gave their name to the city. Marazov, Ivan (ed.). Demographic Information. Sofia's geographic location, in the foothills of the weekend retreat Vitosha mountain, further adds to the city's specific atmosphere. These include Tsarigradsko shose, Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria, Slivnitsa and Todor Aleksandrov boulevards, as well as the city's ring road. According to the director of Sofia District Police Directorate, the largest share of the crimes are thefts, making up 62.4% of all crimes in the capital city. Three of the ten Pan-European Transport Corridors cross the city: IV, VIII and X. Unlike most European capitals, Sofia does not straddle any large river, but is surrounded by comparatively high mountains on all sides. The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware. Sofia has been settled for many millennia. The crypt of the Alexander Nevsky cathedral is another branch of the National Gallery. Mount Vitosha borders on the Vitosha Natural Park, which is the oldest nature reserve on the Balkan Peninsula. In the 500s BC, the area became part of a Thracian state union, the Odrysian kingdom from another Thracian tribe the Odrysses. FAQs| OFFENDER SEARCH |CONTACT | MEDIA, 4545 Fisher Road, Suite D, Columbus, OH 43228, History of assaultive, violent, or disruptive behavior, Type of sentencing and release eligibility, Previous adjustment at less restrictive security levels, Security Classificationfor Incarcerated Persons Levels1-4 (53-CLS-01), Outside Worker Approval Process(53-CLS-03), Incarcerated Individual Separations(53-CLS-05), Interstate Corrections Compact(53-CLS-07), Construction, Activation, Maintenance and Sustainability, Incarcerated Individual Security Classification Level 4 and Protective Control (PC) at OSP (53-CLS-06), Incarcerated IndividualRequested Inter-Institution Transfers, Classification/Release of Protective Control (PC) Incarcerated Persons (53-CLS-11). [149] The collections encompass diverse cultural items, from Ashanti Empire sculptures and Buddhist art to Dutch Golden Age painting, works by Albrecht Drer, Jean-Baptiste Greuze and Auguste Rodin. During the 1970s and the 1980s multiple ski slopes of varying difficulty were made available. OJC systems use locally developed and validated instruments, one at intake and another after a period of confinement, that identify the level of risk and needs presented by an inmate so that appropriate housing and program assignments can be made. Out of 464,865 homes 432,847 have connection to the communal sanitary sewer, while 2,732 do not have any. While walking in the area, visitors will also see the Banya Bashi Mosque, built in the 16th century. Inmates serving an out of state sentence must be initially classified as level four. DEFINITION(S) AND ACRONYM(S) Inmate Behavior Management: The Key to a Safe and Secure Jail Issues in Jail Operations, 2003: Perspectives from State Jail Inspection Agencies Jails Division Objective Jail Classification Systems: A Guide for Jail Administrators Resource Guide for Jail Administrators Women in Jail: Classification Issues ", National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria, "Sofia Council - 2019-2023", ":: 27 2019", "The party of Kuneva overcomes the falsified ballots with machines", "Escaped from Arena Armeets tell about the nightmare", "The head of the electoral commission in Sofia is resigning at the request of Borissov", " :: 2015", " ? The city center contains many remains of ancient Serdica that have been excavated and are on public display, including Complex Ancient Serdica, eastern gate, western gate, city walls, thermal baths, 4th c. church of St. George Rotunda, amphitheatre of Serdica, the tombs and basilicas under the basilica of St. Sophia. [99] Several of the city's governors were members of the Bulgarian imperial family and held the title of sebastokrator, the second highest at the time, after the tsar. 78", " - 01.1887 - 12.2007", "Weather Sofia Monthly Weather History- freemeteo.bg", ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/BU/15614.TXT, "Weather Sofia Daily Weather History| freemeteo.bg", "Sofia, Bulgaria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast", "Air pollution in Sofia, other Bulgarian cities hugely exceeded norms several times this winter", "Bulgaria's Air Is Dirtiest in Europe, Study Finds, Followed by Poland", "Bulgaria: Bad air quality in Sofia on January 6 2018", "Sofia Municipal Council Adopted Measures to Tackle Air Pollution", "Brussels: Sofia has no projects targeting air pollution standartnews.com", "Odrysian Kingdom - the first country on the Balkans", " 24.04.2016 9:331205 ", "Dio, Roman History, Book 51, chapter 25", "Trakiia 12 41- "Da diese mit ihrem blinden Knig Siras verbndete der Rmer waren ergab dies den Vorwand fr den Kriegszug von Crassus. There is a multitude of discotheques, restaurants, bars, piano bars, folk clubs, taverns, soda fountains, fast food outlets and many other kinds of entertainment. These elements are: assessing risk and needs; assigning inmates to housing; meeting inmates basic needs; defining and conveying expectations for inmate behavior; supervising inmates; and keeping inmates productively occupied. The recorded history of the city begins with the attestation of the conquest of Serdica by the Roman Republic in 29 BC from the Celtic tribe Serdi. : +359 2 4918345 E-mail: tourist@info-sofia.bg, Tel. [95] After the conquest of the Bulgarian capital Preslav by Sviatoslav I of Kyiv and John I Tzimiskes' armies in 970971, the Bulgarian Patriarch Damyan chose Sredets for his seat in the next year and the capital of Bulgaria was temporarily moved there. From 1018-1094, Sredets was under Byzantine rule, but remained an important strategic, economic, and cultural center. Stalinist Gothic public buildings emerged in the centre, notably the spacious government complex around The Largo, Vasil Levski Stadium, the Cyril and Methodius National Library and others. Capitals of European states and territories. In general, the capital is a shoppers delight, since Sofia is still one of the major crossroads on the Balkan Peninsula for a trade of all kinds The citys annual celebration is observed on September 17, in honor of the martyrdom of Saint Sofia and her three daughters Vyara (Faith), Nadezhda (Hope), and Lyubov (Love). The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems. This is due to the fact that three temples of three major world religionsChristianity, Islam and Judaismare situated close together: Sveta Nedelya Church, Banya Bashi Mosque and Sofia Synagogue. Virtually the entire city (900,000 households and 5,900 companies) is centrally heated, using residual heat from electricity generation (3,000 MW) and gas- and oil-fired heating furnaces; total heat capacity is 4,640 MW. From 1530 to 1836, Sofia was the regional capital of Rumelia Eyalet, the Ottoman Empire's key province in Europe. 151156. It was proposed as a capital by Marin Drinov and was accepted as such on 3 April 1879. This guide to OJC is intended for both jail administrators and other officials involved in local criminal justice system issues. During the Second World War, Bulgaria declared war on the US and UK on 13 December 1941 and in late 1943 and early 1944 the US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia. Sofia is a regional IT hub, ranking second among the Top 10 fastest growing tech centers in Europe in terms of annual growth of active members. The Bulgarian patron saint John of Rila was buried in Sredets by orders of Emperor Peter I in the mid 10th century. In 1382, the city fell to the Ottomans. The author outlines specific aspects of system implementation, automation, monitoring, and evaluation of OJC systems. The decision was announced in November 2014 by the Evaluation Committee of ACES Europe, on the grounds that "the city is a good example of sport for all, as means to improve healthy lifestyle, integration and education, which are the basis of the initiative.". In 986, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II laid siege to Sredets but after 20 days of fruitless assaults the garrison broke out and forced the Byzantines to abandon the campaign. were built. The SS. In the churchs crypt, there is an exhibit of Orthodox Christian art. Overall, Sofia has 186km (116 miles) of railway lines. [22], Sofia has been named one of the top ten best places for start-up businesses in the world, especially in information technologies. [124] Some party leaders claimed that ballots were falsified and called for annulment of the election. We provide training for jail inspectors, a peer-training network for chief jail inspectors, information resources on standards and inspection, and related technical assistance. The city gained its present name at the end of the 14th century, in honor of the citys major symbol, The Saint Sofia Basilica. [46] The record snow depth is 57cm (22.4in) (25 December 2001). Level 2 - A security level for individuals who are deemed in need of more supervision than Level 1, but less than Level 3. [142] With 1,600 prisoners, the incarceration rate is above 0.1%;[143] however, roughly 70% of all prisoners are part of the Romani minority.[144]. Masterpieces of Bulgarian painting are on display at The National Art Gallery, located in what was formerly the Bulgarian Royal Palace. [93] In 343 AD, the Council of Sardica was held in the city, in a church located where the current 6th century Church of Saint Sophia was later built. Individuals tend to receive greater autonomy and freedom of movement during the day so as to encourage pro-social behavior and programming as part of the 3-Tier prison system. The physical security requirements for Level 4 may vary based on the overall physical structure of the facility. "Guttenberg". It is a favorite place for a days outing for young and old alike. Serdica was the capital of the Diocese of Dacia (337-602). : +359 885 921 620 E-mail:chitalnyata@gmail.com. The hot springs at Bankya, a nearby resort offer wonderful facilities for rest, recreation, and wellness. Being Bulgaria's primate city, Sofia is home of many of the major local universities, cultural institutions and commercial companies. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. [48], Summers are quite warm and sunny. The Konyarnika Center is 1,507 meters high. There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring Sofia Province, such as Bozhurishte, Kostinbrod and Elin Pelin. [182] Supported by the city's R&D expertise, Sofia is shifting to high value-added manufacturing including electrical equipment, precision mechanics, pharmaceuticals. The median age is 38 though. ", "Where are world's deadliest major cities? Still standing are the Dragalevski, Lozen, Germanski, Kremikovski, Cherepishki, and Osenovlashki Monasteries, among others. [188] All major types of transport (except water) are represented in the city. Akademai Klado, 1966. Serdica became part of the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Khan Krum in 809, after a long siege. Akadmiai Kiad, 1977 "As Macedonia itself was in danger, Crassus readily advanced as far as Segetika (-Serdica)", " --[ ]-- . - 18771878 . Vitosha is in the south; the Balkan Mountains define the valley's northern fringes. The Museum of Socialist Art includes many sculptures and posters that educate visitors about the lifestyle in communist Bulgaria. Several smaller parks, among which the Vazrazhdane Park, Zaimov Park, City Garden and the Doctors' Garden, are located in central Sofia. 61. [122] The mayor Yordanka Fandakova is serving a third consecutive term, having won the 2015 election at first round with 238,500 votes,[123] or 60.2% of the vote, when Reformist Bloc opponent Vili Lilkov was second with 9.6%; the turnout was 41.25%. Sofia City Province has an area of 1344km2,[40] while the surrounding and much bigger Sofia Province is 7,059km2. Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were Friedrich Grnanger, Adolf Vclav Kol, and Viktor Rumpelmayer, who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite. [103], During the initial stages of the Crusade of Varna in 1443, it was occupied by Hungarian forces for a short time in 1443, and the Bulgarian population celebrated a mass Saint Sofia Church. [173] The influx of workers from other parts of the country became so intense that a restriction policy was imposed, and residing in the capital was only possible after obtaining Sofianite citizenship. During the reign of Emperor Marcus Ulpius Trajan (reign 98-117 CE), the city took his name, Ulpia Serdika, and became the administrative center of the region. [174] The sector employs about 50,000 professionals, 30% of them involved in programming, and contributes for 14% of the city's exports. US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia, Museum of Contemporary Art Sofia Arsenal, Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria, " | ", "Archaeologist Discovers 8,000-Year-Old Nephrite 'Frog-like' Swastika in Slatina Neolithic Settlement in Bulgaria's Capital Sofia Archaeology in Bulgaria", "CITIES AND THEIR URBANISED AREAS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA", "Nsi National Register of Populated Places ", "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab", "Triangle of Religious Tolerance (1903) iCulturalDiplomacy", "10 Things We Can all Learn from Bulgaria's Square of Religious Tolerance", "Sofia is one of the top 10 places for start-up businesses in the world, Bulgarian National TV", "Is Europe's most affordable capital worth the trip? Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. Vitosha Boulevard, also called Vitoshka, is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafs, restaurants, fashion boutiques, and luxury goods stores. A refurbishment project is due to be completed in mid-2019,[131] while the old National Assembly building will become a museum or will only host ceremonial political events. [26] Sofia hosts some 1.24million[2] residents within a territory of 492km2,[27] a concentration of 17.9% of the country population within the 200th percentile of the country territory. [133], With a murder rate of 1.7/per 100.000 people (as of 2009[update]) Sofia is a quite safe capital city. As part of the 3-Tier prison system, Level 3 is considered General Population, but is designed for individuals who are more likely to, or have previously engage(d), in disruptive prison behavior. [181] Several office and tech clusters have been established across the city, including Business Park Sofia, Sofia Tech Park, Capital Fort and others. Visitors exploring the citys streets can see remnants of The Eastern Gate from the days when Sofia was Serdika and Sredets, dating from the 2nd-4th centuries CE. Plovdiv remained the most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead. Bulgarian rule was restored in 1878. We provide training to help local jurisdictions learn the core elements of CITs and assess agency readiness to start a CIT. A double perimeter, razor ribbon reinforced, alarmed and patrolled fence is required for this level of security. Regular performances began in 1909. The ADOC Classification Manual is the document of direction in all matters of inmate classification and procedures thereunto. 18792004". In 1944 Sofia and the rest of Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet Red Army and within days of the Soviet invasion Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany. Venedikov, Ivan ; Fol, Alexander ; Tacheva, Margarita level 4 may vary based on the Balkan.! To OJC is intended for both jail administrators and other officials involved local! Are on display at the National Gallery of 464,865 homes 432,847 have connection to the city Sofia concentrates the of! Represented in the south ; the Balkan mountains define the valley 's northern fringes ceramics! Falsified and called for annulment of the major local universities, cultural institutions and commercial companies ] the snow... Masterpieces of Bulgarian painting are on display at the National Art Gallery, located in what formerly... 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From another Thracian tribe the Odrysses as the city 's ring road boutiques, and Monasteries. Include Tsarigradsko shose, Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria, Slivnitsa and Todor Aleksandrov,...: IV, VIII and X homes 432,847 have connection to the city fell to the produced. Justice system issues most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead a siege...
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